India Celebrates First Republic Day: A Look Back at January 26, 1950
Every year on January 26, India celebrates Republic Day, marking the moment the Constitution came into effect in 1950. This event transitioned the nation into a sovereign, democratic republic. The first Republic Day celebration held a different character, focusing on Delhi’s Government House and the Irwin Amphitheatre.
End of Colonial Rule
On January 26, 1950, India severed its last constitutional ties to the British Empire. This historic shift was made possible by the enforcement of the Constitution of India, which was drafted under the guidance of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. The date commemorates the 1930 Purna Swaraj Declaration, when the Indian National Congress called for complete independence from colonial rule, heralding a new chapter in Indian politics.
Ceremony at Government House
The formal announcement of the Republic occurred in the grand Durbar Hall of Government House, now known as Rashtrapati Bhavan. A report dated February 4, 1950, noted that India was declared a Sovereign Democratic Republic at precisely 10:18 AM. Just six minutes later, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was inaugurated as the nation’s first President.
- Republic was declared at 10:18 AM.
- Swearing-in ceremony at 10:24 AM.
- Announcement made with a salute of 31 guns.
The proclamation of the Republic was read by retiring Governor-General C. Rajagopalachari. Following the oath of office, Dr. Prasad addressed the nation, affirming the unity of the country through a single Constitution.
President’s Message to the Nation
In his speech, Dr. Prasad expressed the historical significance of this day. He emphasized how, for the first time, the nation was united under one Constitution. He remarked, “Today for the first time in our long and chequered history, we find the whole of this vast land brought together under one Constitution and one Union.”
The First Republic Day Parade
After the ceremony, Dr. Prasad’s procession moved through the streets of Delhi, attracting large crowds. Spectators climbed rooftops and trees to catch a glimpse as he recognized them with folded hands. The procession culminated at the Irwin Amphitheatre at 3:45 PM, now called the National Stadium.
- Approximately 3,000 officers and personnel marched in the parade.
- Nearly 15,000 spectators attended the event.
Iconic moments included troops marching against the Old Fort’s backdrop and Dr. Prasad’s ceremonial ride at what is now Vijay Chowk, notably without any security detail. Starting in the following year, Republic Day celebrations transitioned to Rajpath, which has since become emblematic of the annual national parade.
